Japan In The Wake Of World War Ii History Essay

Embracing Defeat represents the really best of historical scholarship of Japan ‘s experience of licking and business at the terminal of the Second World War. Written by MIT Professor John W. Dower, this book shows the loanblend and contested character of the Occupation of Japan by the United States of America. More than merely sing the Occupation through the lens of the vanquisher ‘s strength, the greatest part of Embracing Defeat lies in the alternate position it offers of a complex post-war Nipponese society and the Nipponese people. As Dower competently puts, the period â€Å" through the eyes of the defeatedaˆÂ ¦ wretchedness, freak out cynicism and bitterness ‘ but besides ‘hope resiliency, vision and dreams ‘ ( pp. 24-25 ) in the embracing of licking. He delves into a scope of subjects from General Douglas MacArthur ‘s disposal, the Tokyo ‘s War Trial, Emperor Hirohito controversial function to the common people on the land such a s cocottes, rise of Mafias running black markets, workers, administrative officials, political party members, detailing the mind from the most powerful elite to the common man at grassroots. Underliing these subjects, the book is written in a proseful postmodern narrative albeit critical structural analysis. The book can be divided into three chief parts. The first trades with the popular and subculture of the Japanese. Second portion trades with the political alteration enacted by the occupational elites, in controversy with the grassroots. Last the book trades with the Reconstruction of Japan ‘s economic system. Dower thoughtful and thorough inside informations of each portion means that each portion can be read on its ain. However, the weaving of the intercultural interactions between the vanquisher and conquered across the three parts makes the book Embracing Defeat greater the amount of its parts. The book starts against the background of societal and economic desperation. Embedded in the heads of many Nipponese is the ‘subcultures of licking ‘ . During the war, ordinary Nipponese people were prepared to give their lives for the emperor and for their fatherland. With the earth-shattering dropping of the atomic bomb, Nipponese society had been shaken to its foundations, and people had to reinvent their lives to believe of acquiring adequate nutrient to remain alive. This psychic prostration formed the societal cloth. Then, assorted subcultures sprang up from illegal trades of the cocottes and black sellers ‘ detonations of entrepreneurial energy and condemnable packs. Likewise, disillusioned authors and intellectuals embraced a civilization of hedonism. Together, they posed forceful challenges to the traditional societal and sexual order against the cavities of desperation and detecting new aspirations with unsure future individuality in front. However, a sens e of hope and release was what made it possible for most ordinary Nipponese to 'embrace licking ‘ . The 2nd portion of the book brings us to the more familiar terrains of business policies enacted by GHQ ( General Headquarters ) command held under SCAP ( Supreme Commander of Allied Powers ) General MacArthur and the receptiveness of the Nipponese people. Here, Dower presents a critical position of MacArthur and the American swayers ‘ cultural haughtiness against the locals. Much to the reverse of making a more classless society, the Americans ruled as masters and the relationship between them and the Japanese was one of hierarchal. They themselves constructed an ‘inviolate privileged caste ‘ ( p. 211 ) and MacArthur business projected a white supremacist ‘imbued with a sense of manifest fate ‘ ( pp. 211-212 ) with MacArthur governing with absolute authorization of a military absolutism and the Nipponese people its ‘subjects ‘ . While loaded with the liquors of democratisation and demilitarization, the Americans made contradictory picks from start, lending to the intrenchment of conservative powers such as the imperial establishment, one of the many paradoxes which run throughout the book. ‘The Occupation governments chose non to simply detach the emperor from this holy war, but to resituate him as the Centre of their new democracy ‘ ( p. 278 ) . MacArthur sees the Showa Emperor as a ‘force for good ‘ in continuing stableness and easing the undertaking of the occupying forces. Hirohito was protected from any unfavorable judgment and was absolved of any duty for the war in order to make a new ‘imperial democracy ‘ in Japan. However as Dower reveals, there was being of popular and even official sentiment in favour of force outing Hirohito, trialing him as a war felon and in some instances, of get rid ofing the monarchy. He was after all the manifestation of continuity of the war that the soldiers take orders from. It was the SCAP who stepped in to stamp down this climb force per unit area. In add-on, Dower points out that the war offenses tribunal was a travesty. The suspects were coached to remain off from any mention to the Emperor even though he held the de facto capacity of influence during the war and he was the chief adult male whom the suspects took orders from. Dower believes that this hindered the possibility of Japan ‘s future democratic development and this symbol continues to be a stumbling block in Japan ‘s dealingss with the remainder of Asia more than half a century after the terminal of the war. In screening the monarchy from prosecution and shriving Hirohito of duty for aggression, whilst keeping the bastion of peace and Jesus of the state, the US played a polar function in enshrining imperial democracy. Japan ‘s democratic fundamental law was crafted in secret within a hebdomad without audience with Nipponese governments. The footing as underlined by Dower was that MacArthur held the emperor as the caput of the province while war as a crowned head right was abolished and the feudal system will discontinue. Together with the no-war clause under Article 9, the US created the universe ‘s lone univocal peace fundamental law. Against the background of the Cold War events such as the triumph of the Chinese Communist Party in China and the eruption of the Korean War, the Nipponese people however in response to their ain agony during the Pacific war by and big embraced the dovish rules enshrined in the fundamental laws, contending the determination of the US to do Japa n as a subsidiary spouse when the former decided to rearm and reindustrialize Japan. On the other manus, there were right-wingers elements assailing on Article 9. Here, Dower adds rich inside informations to that reading about the diverseness of positions among the Japanese, an issue still in argument boulder clay today. For all the purposes and intents of the broad fundamental law with its enlargement of single freedoms, Dower agues â€Å" the vanquishers worked difficult to engineer consensus, and on many critical issues, they made it clear that the better portion of political wisdom was silence and conformity ‘ ( p. 440 ) . The bureaucratic-authoritarian nature of the authorities maintained rigorous censoring. Subjects refering the business itself could non be criticized. Nor could the atomic bombardment and even unfavorable judgment of the Soviet Union was banned. Labour work stoppages as mobilized by the Communist Party foremost gained strengths and shortly afterwards were banned by MacArthur in the name of economic recovery. Soon, the SCAP compiled a list of suspected Communists and began to collar the development, paralleling MacCarthyism ‘Red Scare ‘ dorsum in USA. However, the pretense continues between the workers and the bureaucratism. Dower therefore highlights the amen tia of democracy when freedom of look, a construct so cardinal to a working democracy is being curtailed. A minor to observe of the book ‘s failing is the deficiency of reference of the land reform plan even though it helped to make the political base for the Liberal Democratic Party for the coming 50 old ages. Land reform relied on the support and cooperation of 1000s of Nipponese and would suit into Dower larger strategy of things of 'embracing licking ‘ . This farther points to the book focuses mostly on urban metropoliss with small reference of the countryside Nipponese people. Still, it is apprehensible given the SCAP radiates its policies from Tokyo GHQ. In footings of methodological attack, Dower uses an array of English and Nipponese beginnings which includes kids ‘s games, sketchs, movies, constabulary records, letters, newspapers, popular vocals. His research into them is thorough and punctilious. In peculiar, he has made important usage of single testimony such as interviews at multiple societal and political degrees to convey out the pluralistic facet of history. Adding to his heartfelt composing manner, the ten-year-in-making has reached audience outside academic domain, winning the 1999 National Book Award, and the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. Dower wise and examining summing up of certification and archival beginnings in Japan and the USA with his graphical authorship in highly traveling manner describes in elaborate history what it was like for an ordinary individual populating in Japan between 1945 and 1952. The book includes many redolent exposure and the screen of the first edition shows a group of Nipponese listening to their ‘divine sovereign ‘ for the first clip over the wireless on the resignation conveying forth the thought of desperation on the land. Dower aims to show the citizens ‘ mundane life and he has done so successfully. At the same clip, he does non pretermit to depict the institutionalization procedure led by the SCAP and bureaucratic elites in the Nipponese authorities. This well balanced building of history at higher and lower degrees of the society encapsulates the complex relationship between masters and vanquished, filled with contradictions, ambiguities and incompatibilities.

How to Become an Engineer

How to become an Engineer? Engineers use their imagination and analytical skills to invent, design, and build things that matter. They are team players with independent minds who turn ideas into reality. Many become licensed professional engineers (P. E. s) in order to better protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public. By dreaming up creative and practical solutions, engineers are changing the world all the time. Engineering has been called the â€Å"invisible† or â€Å"stealth† profession.Everything around us and that we use every day has been engineered in some way, yet we may not see the engineers behind the scenes or know much about engineering. Engineering is not part of our grade school education. Many engineers whose work affects the public become licensed. The engineering field is as varied as engineers themselves. Engineers can design and build superstructures or delicate medical instruments. Engineers are exploring for energy and for new worlds in s pace. They are designing the environmental controls for an art museum or directing global sales of today’s hottest cars and computers.Who knows where the next great challenges will be? I know what your thinking how do you become an engineer or that this is interesting and you would like to apply. Here’s how u become an engineer: First and Foremost, you want to do decide if you have what it takes to be an engineer. To become a professional engineer, you must have a college degree in engineering. Most university programs are selective and quite competitive. Earning good grades in high school is imperative, as is getting a high SAT or ACT score. Second, you must contemplate what type of engineering interests you.While most programs tend to focus on general core classes the first and second year of enrollment, many require students to enroll in a specific program regardless. Seats in each program are generally limited. If you maintain a high GPA, you can usually transfer f rom one program to another within the engineering department if necessary. It is still important to put some thought into what type of engineering interests you before entering your program. Third, look for and apply to schools with strong engineering programs in the area(s) that interest you.Fourth step is to get good grades in all of your classes once you are enrolled in a program. The first and second years are usually the hardest. Many students are required to take an above-average number of credit hours, and classes are tough. Outside employment is generally discouraged. Focus on your studies as much as possible. Your hard work will be rewarded in the future. The fifth step is to obtain a co-op. Co-ops are usually offered the third, fourth and fifth years of engineering programs. Most co-ops are paid, some are not.They are usually very competitive, which is why receiving high grades in your course work is important. This is the best way to obtain valid, related work experience before entering the job market and it can lead to employment upon graduation. The sixth step is to seek the assistance of your school's Career Development Center as you near the completion of your program. Someone there can usually help you with your resume, direct you to co-ops and internships and eventually help you apply for jobs in the engineering industry once you are qualified.The seventh and final step is to join a professional engineering society or association that caters to your specific interest. Professional organizations offer many networking opportunities that are ideal for those looking for employment as well as further professional development. Choosing the right career can mean the difference between being satisfied and being disappointed with my life. Many factors can influence the career that I may have for the rest of my life.A decision that I am going to make at the young age of nineteen will have a major impact on the next ten years of my life. In order to make the best decision possible for my future I must follow these steps inserted above. Now, all of this may sound hard and boring but if you interested like I am you would do whatever it takes to reach your goal in life. Engineers are one of the highest paid jobs and also the most complex. If you want to become an engineer follow these steps and you will be on your way to the best engineer possible

Humans' Limit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humans' Limit - Essay Example Thus, limiting what you are doing plays an important role in your life. In the story â€Å"Rose for Emily†, there are so many unnecessary extremes; which are obsession, super strictness and discrimination, causing a sad ending. Must we cease to exist before it is understood that we as humans have reached our mortal limit? According to the fiction piece â€Å"Rose for Emily†, Emily’s father himself was actually a strict person with his child. He didn’t allow Emily to go out of the house like the other children did since she was young. It is clear as to why he behaved this way. He loved his daughter and does not want her to be misled. But if we reflect on how the child may have felt, it is clear that she could have had a better childhood. All kids deserve to be happy. In fact, keeping Emily inside the house only causes her to lose her sense of motivation, communication, and knowledge of how to survive in society. She subsequently loses all her positive view on the world since the world she is living is not the same as others. Her life would be extremely routine consisting of getting up in the morning, eating what her father fed her, and obeying her father Looking at in psychologically, it is clear that Emily’s complacency with the world around her can lead her into depression and mental disorders.

Using predictive modeling in insurance underwriting Research Paper

Using predictive modeling in insurance underwriting - Research Paper Example Underwriting is done by ensuring that there is more collection of premium and investment income by the insurance company than the losses paid out by the company. This can be done by implementing new strategies of pricing of premium to the customers. The below formula should be used to ensure that there is profit realization by the insurance company. The risk of the damaged is transferred from the insurer to the insurance company by compensating the damage. The compensation of the damage may be higher than that of the charges from the insurer. In case there is such occurrence, the insurance companies, process the clients demand by forming mitigate and consortium risk amongst them (Siegel, 2013). For example, the company tries to balance the various types of insurance hazards such as fire to cater for other costs incurred. Pricing to cater for different risk involves the comparison between the actual losses with relative losses. In this method, multivariate or univariate analyses and probability analyses are used to approximate ratemaking and approximating the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Therefore, the decision on premium to be charged is a major problem in the insurance companies. As stated above, the claims and the underwritten cost should be less compared to the premium received by the company (Siegel, 2013). The K- means clustering can be used to determine or classify the customer based on the risk, the characteristics of a customer, and also determining the probability of the customer based on their characteristics. Through this method, the company can target a certain group of customers by different marketing plans and increase the profitability of the company. The use of clustering method can help in developing new products or cross selling product by understanding the market behavior (Zhu & Davidson, 2007). For example, some of the customers can fall under two or more covers at the same time due to different demographic

Writing essay on volcanic phenomena Research Paper

Writing essay on volcanic phenomena - Research Paper Example However, it is better not to stay close, because lava emits poisonous gases. Notwithstanding that lava flows makes no loud sound, its emitting of poisonous gases can be hazardous for human health. Moreover, it is better to know and prevent potential damages caused by lava. These are two properties that are usually taken into account: viscosity, and gases (Rowland). Viscosity represents a concept that explains lava’s fluidity. When the fluidity is high, lava cover large distances and is considered to be very dangerous. Such lavas can stop flowing only when they become cool and consequently solid and this process takes time. According to Nagata, â€Å"The variation in electric conductivity with temperature is expected to be closely related to that of the viscosity of the lava, as in the case of viscous glass, in which, as is known empirically, the reciprocal of the ionic conductivity caries linearly with the coefficient of viscosity† (Nagata, p2). Temperature of lava is high. It is 1,250 ° Celsius (Rowland) in Hawaiian volcanoes, but generally, lava temperature can reach 750 ° Celsius. Therefore it is desirable to be as far as possible from lava flow. Nevertheless safe distance depends on activity of lava flow and direction of the wind but this distance preferably shouldn’t exceed 10 m (Riley). Lava is dangerous not only for humans, but also for everything around. Lava flow can surely damage some surrounding objects. Fortunately, concrete and iron can resist it. It can be explained as follows: Irons melting point is 2750 °F in comparison to lava’s melting point 1300-2400 °F. Furthermore lava can’t melt steel like other metals, dirt and rocks (Lava). It’s worth remembering that lava moves not very fast and it is possible for people to outrun it. For example, hot Hawaiian lava flows about a few meters per minute while cool lavas flows only a few meters a day (Lava). But it is as well necessary to know that lava

Trust and Religion Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trust and Religion Counseling - Essay Example The problem is that the trust that once broken is so difficult to restore, and sometimes it is never restored. Once my friend wanted to solve a problem in his family, I advised him to consult a counselor, who also happened to be my best friend. My friend revealed the story to the counselor and sought the best advice. But the counselor, who was without any professional ethics, disclosed even the minute details to me. Here, the trust is broken and the trust reducing behavior of the counselor is the reason behind the problem. The trust reducing behavior from either side may result in the temporary or permanent break in a relationship. There are so many factors that reinforce the trust-building measures, and because of the negative influence of these factors, it is more difficult to maintain the trust. To maintain a healthy relationship the qualities that a person must possess are: word keeping habit, keeping honesty in communication, respecting the other person’s skills and abilities, and unguarded interaction. The fulfillment of the expectations from either side strengthens the trust and negligence of expectations badly affects the trust. There are certain factors that negatively influence the trust. Concealing the real motive and to act, i.e. to pretend as a trustworthy person and conceal the real motive is just cheating. Sometimes, relevant information may be twisted or falsified for personal benefit. This attitude leads to misunderstanding among people and hinders trust. Dominating tendency and misbehavior also hinder the growth of trust. Accepting the credit for others work create misunderstanding and ultimately to mistrust. The most powerful factor which hinders trust is gossiping. Because of uncontrollable tendency to create gossips about others, once, my friend was forced to attend a counseling session. After three successive sessions, he was able to withstand the bad habit.  

BPA fetal exposures affect male and female development and quality of Research Paper

BPA fetal exposures affect male and female development and quality of life as adults - Research Paper Example In essence, early exposure to BPA, as well as other chemicals, especially in the foetal stage signifies an increase in the risk of disease later in life. This paper will examine the impact of BPA in adults following foetal exposure. Health Concerns Some of the risks involved with foetal exposure to BPA include increased risk for prostate cancer in adult men and breast cancer in both women (Okada et al 32). In addition, foetal exposure to BPA results in adverse metabolic changes, early onset of puberty and decreased fertility. Furthermore, immunological changes are also a major consequence of foetal exposure to BPA (Rubin 30). Whenever foetal exposure to BPA occurs, the chemical infiltrates the body in an active fashion. BPA binds to the body’s oestrogen receptors replicating the functions of oestrogen. Furthermore, in both male and female adults, BPA causes adverse reproductive effects, particularly in populations exposed to BPA due to their occupations. During the initial 11 weeks of gestation, which is a time when most pregnant women are unaware of their pregnancy, the internal communication systems, and organs of the foetus develop quite rapidly, thus are extremely sensitive to external pressures. Organs such as the brain and mammary glands develop during gestation, thus experience a prolonged period of vulnerability to the effects of BPA, especially since foetal development of such organs is susceptible to oestrogen fluctuations. Additionally, in certain instances, BPA has been shown to cause obesity. When BPA binds to oestrogen receptors in the human body, it causes alternative estrogenic effects, which start outside the nucleus. The alternate path caused by BPA ultimately alters lipid and glucose metabolism, resulting in weight gain (Rubin 31). This is primarily since the alternative oestrogen receptors trigger pathways that result from exposure to BPA to rework the functions of vital components that play a significant role in metabolism, for insta nce, adiposities and pancreatic B cells. In a recent study, it was confirmed that foetal exposure to BPA has the capacity to potentiate the systems inherent in the central dopaminergy. This is bound to result in marked super sensitivity to the drugs linked to abuse-induced reward implications. In essence, by affecting mesolimbic dopamine activity, BPA causes adverse effects such as attention deficits, hypersensitivity and an increased sensitivity to drugs linked to abuse. Furthermore, BPA is also known to bind to receptors of the thyroid hormone, and possibly cause certain side effects on its functions. For instance, BPA impacts triiodothyronine in adults following exposure to the chemical during the prenatal development phase (Rubin 33). Researchers now consider that there are actually two ways through which BPA interrupts the regular endocrine function (Okada et al 32). The compound can perform as a weak estrogen, which binds to the estrogen receptor. It also can, on the other han d, impede the impact of stronger natural estrogens, restraining estrogen function. They are usually considered performing in the cell nucleus via the estrogen receptors, which control gene expression. Many other ways of BPA action are considered to be related to its biological

World Culture Music Research Paper. Indonesian Music Essay

World Culture Music Research Paper. Indonesian Music - Essay Example Indonesia is well known for its diverse highlands that possess a wide range of cultures and characters. This eventually explains the availability of different forms of music. The music is significant to audiences in theatre as well as dance. The music of Indonesia is accompanied with various cultural beliefs and practices. Some communities chant as they go on with their rituals. Indonesian music is now well known across the continent and beyond. The richness of the music of Indonesia translates to the various musical instruments that exist within the people of Indonesia. Just as there are various musicians and scholars in Indonesia, the scope of the use of musical instruments is wide and can be discussed under various guiding principles that express the cultures that exist in Indonesia. Indonesians have always used music in nearly all their activities for reasons that can be best described as functional. The music of Indonesia has a wide historical background, just as the cultures th at exist (Hoffman 75). The music has played various roles and has influenced a number of activities and lifestyles of the Indonesian societies. History of Indonesian Music The historical background of Indonesian music cannot be dated to any period. However, the music is as old as the various cultures that exist within the Indonesian areas. Creativity within the local people has been one of the contributing factors that have contributed to the growth and development of Indonesian music. Foreign influences have gone further to introduce different cultural and artistic values that have directly influenced the music (Goldsworthy 309). This has led to hundreds of musical forms that are now dominant in Indonesia as well as the surroundings. In this influential endeavor, the music of Java, Sumatra, Bali, and Flores has been documented and recorded through research by various Indonesian and other international scholars. From various studies, native Indonesian tribes used chants and songs th at were accompanied by various musical instruments in various festivities as well as rituals. The Indonesian republic represents a modern developing nation that a wide kaleidoscope of people, languages as well as cultures. More than one hundred different ethnic groups that speak moire than three hundred languages have maintained the various traditions that reflect the cultures of Indonesia. Due to the existence of the four great religions (Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity), music has also been influenced by religious practices that are carried out in Indonesia at large. Throughout history, music, dance and theatrical genres have been used for various functions: to provide entertainment to the ancestors, lend spiritual solemnity to the various religious occasions and provide pleasant entertainment to the worshipers (Anderson 77). In the past, Indonesians considered music as part of their everyday life. In rituals, ceremonies, as well as war, music was a mode of self-expres sion that accompanied various dances. Indonesian archipelago is the largest island in the world. It represents various cultures that are representatives of the music that Indonesia now posses (Sandhyarani).the exiling of Hindus to Bali because of the introduction of Islam in Indonesia is said to have contributed to the development of music of the island of Bali. Types of music Due to the scope of the Indonesian islands as well as the diversity of the cultures that are present in Indonesia, there are various types of music in Indonesia that represent that various tribes and language groups. The various types of music include Folk music, Tembang sunda, among others. The existence

Health Care Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Crisis - Research Paper Example Each country has some rules and regulations that govern the health care system and they have to be adhered to. The universal health care has three tasks in each member of the society. It covers the following in every individual. The first one is the person who is to be covered with the system. Secondly, the services that the system has to offer to that person. Lastly, the total cost when carrying the person. In most developed countries, the universal health coverage is of much helpful to the residents. This has been made true, by the primary funds the government of these countries gets through the local residents. The government imposes tax to the residents and this becomes revenue to the country and which ensures that the country’s health care system achieves its goals. Also, some countries get funds the merchants and private sectors. The Soviet Union was the first one to establish the health care system in early 1937 and it was well redistributed towards its rural areas. Despite that America is among the wealthiest countries in the planet, it does not have universal health coverage unlike other developed countries. This is true because of some reasons or rather facts that have hindered America from diversifying its economy from universal health coverage which is a bit cheaper. Historically, the United States has never had a labor party which becomes successful. The low income earners in the United States were able to buy in most parts of the country. Land mobility was also encouraged and the middle class were also able to own the properties. This led to totally acquiring free land or quasi free land in most parts of the America. Consequently, a large number of the middle working class owned land in the United States, unlike in most parts of the planet where the land was owned by rich people. This resulted in failure of the labor party since there was no need of one voice to push for equity among the America’s

International Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Accounting - Assignment Example In the US, UK GAAPs and others around the world R & D costs have been considered as expenses. According to Gornik and Miguel (2005), the FAS 2 issued in 1974 by the FASB set out that all R & D costs such as costs of material, equipments and facilities together with purchases made on intangibles with no optional future uses, remuneration to the involved workforce, contract services, considerable indirect costs except for general and administration costs to be charged to expenses. The FASB opposed the capitalization of such, as it was before that year, based on factors such as the unpredictability of future benefits from R & D and lack of a clear relationship between what is spent and the gains obtained thereafter. This standard was challenged by the IASB resulting to the formulation of IFRS 3 and IAS 38 in December 2002 and their revision in March 2004. According to these standards all expenses incurred in research work on an internal project will be considered as an expense and any intangible asset arising from it will not be recognized. However those intangible assets arising from development or its phase in an internal project will be recognized if it meets the following criteria. It should be identifiable, the business entity should have control over it, should demonstrate the possibility of bringing in economic benefits and its cost should be measurable reliably. In addition to this, the business entity should demonstrate technical feasibility, clear intention of completion, use and sale of the asset, ability to use and sell the asset, generate probable future benefits and reliably measure the expenditure to be incurred on the asset and finally availability of enough resources required t o complete the development (Linden and Spek n.d.). It is only after meeting these criteria that the internal development expenditure shall be recognized as an asset and only that incurred after

Philip II Of Spain Essay Example for Free

Philip II Of Spain Essay King Philip II of Spain (1527-1598) has cast a lengthy shadow over Spanish and European history for centuries. Though this might seem fitting, given that he was the first man to rule a truly global empire on which the sun never set, it is not entirely appropriate, for Philips enduring fame stems not so much from his achievements, as it does from misconceptions about his character and legacy. Within Spain itself, Philip can still be remembered to this day as a brooding, reclusive workaholic, who, despite his best intentions, poised his nation and empire on the brink of a precipitous and inevitable decline. Beyond Spains borders, Philips shadow has long been perceived as exceedingly dark and menacing. After all, how many other monarchs can claim the unhappy role of top villain in one of Schillers tragedies, or in a major opera, such as Verdis Don Carlo, which set the gloomy myth to music? In the English-speaking world Philip reigned supreme for nearly three centuries as the ultimate embodiment of the Black Legend: a sinister figure, cruel and devious beyond measure, a religious fanatic who could only be viewed through the smoke of the Armadas cannons and of the Inquisitions pyres. Philip II was present in Brussels when his father resigned to him the government of the Netherlands (October 1555) as well as of Spain itself (January 1556). International matters, mainly his marriage to Queen Mary of England and the war against France, kept him in northern Europe. In August 1557 the Spanish forces in Flanders, directed by the duke of Savoy and the count of Egmont, crossed the frontier into France and caused a crushing defeat on the French at St Quentin. Philip arrived in time to congratulate his army, however failed to follow up the advantage; negotiations started and were interrupted by the death of Mary in November 1558. Finally peace was agreed at Cateau-Cambresis in April 1559, one of the circumstances being the marriage of Philip to the daughter of Henry II of France, Elizabeth of Valois. The king sailed from the Netherlands in August 1559 and landed at Laredo in September. He never left the peninsula again. Domestic politics lapse into relative quietness during the reign, in order that events seem to depend more than usual on the personality of the king. Philip, though, was no less devoted to the problems of internal government than to the weighty matters of foreign policy. (R. Trevor Davies, 1957) Aged 28th at his accession, he was already an experienced ruler, having been regent for his father sporadically since 1543. His fair hair and blue eyes betrayed his Habsburg origin; however no ruler could have been more Spanish. Brought up in Castile and trained by brilliant tutors, he preferred Spaniards as advisers and spoke merely Castilian fluently, though he had a working knowledge of Latin. Pensive by disposition, and always unwilling to rush into decisionshence the tag of prudent kinghe had a deep sense of duty which governed both his personal and public life. His stern side as headed at the top by the council of State, shorn since 1559 of its non-Castilian members. The councils chief secretary until his death in 1566 was Gonzalo Perez, a cleric of converso origin; thereafter the post was divided between Gonzalos son Antonio as secretary for the south and Gabriel de Zayas for the north. True to his fathers policy of allowing differing views to develop, Philip tolerated a conflict of opinions, not always with fruitful consequences. The chief rivals in the council of State were the kings long-standing friend the Portuguese Ruy Gomez de Silva, and the duke of Alba. Ruy Gomez, created prince of Eboli and duke of Pastrana, married into the powerful Mendoza family, headed by the duke of Infantado, and thereby became linked with a clan of nobles from the highest grandee families, the Zuniga, Velasco and Guzman. Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, third duke of Alba and Philips most distinguished general, was head of the house of Toledo and had similar powerful connexions. The division in the council between these two a normal rivalry between clans, of the sort common both at government and at local levelalso extended to the secretaries, Antonio Perez being allied to Eboli and Zayas to Alba. Differences between the groups, as with all political factions, arose primarily out of a struggle for power. Given the complex problems that faced the Spanish monarchy, there were occasionally issues on which some took a hard line: Alba, as Charles V had warned Philip, was inclined to be authoritarian. It is however not convincing to categorise one groupAlbasas the war party, and its opponents as the peace party; even less, as we shall see, is it possible to distinguish any real difference of approach to constitutional problems. The problem over which the factions took most issue was the revolt of the Netherlands, which precipitated the famous affair of Antonio Perez. Immediately after Philips return to Spain in 1559 he began a massive effort to put the country into an adequate state of defence: Turkish expansion in the 1560s inevitably made foreign policy the first concern of government. At the same time difficulties in the Netherlands were brought to him in person when the count of Egmont arrived in Madrid in February 1565. From this period Spain was burdened by a dual commitment to northern Europe and to the Mediterranean, and the numerous mistakes made by Philip in his dealings with the Netherlanders can in part be blamed on priority given to affairs in the south. Aware, none the less, of his obligations, the king made preparations to visit Flanders in 1567. He was dissuaded from this by Alba, and in 1568 two personal crisesthe death of Don Carlos in July and then of Elizabeth of Valois in Octoberforced him to remain in the peninsula, where on Christmas Eve a major uprising of the Granada Moriscos began. The death of Ruy Gomez in 1573 made Antonio Perez effective head of the Eboli faction at court. A contemporary noted that Perez climbed so high that His Majesty would not do anything save what the said Antonio Perez marked out for him. Philip depended heavily for advice and policy on this brilliant and sinister young man whose fortunes were linked with those of Ana de Mendoza, princess of Eboli, the beautiful one-eyed widow of Ruy Gomez. Perezs arm stretched as far as Flanders, where the kings half brother, the famous Don Juan of Austria, was acting as governor. Don Juans personal secretary, Juan de Escobedo, had been a protege of Perez, who expected to be kept reliably informed of the plans and ambitions of the governor of the Netherlands. Don Juans proposals for policy in the north, however, were at variance with government intentions in Madrid, and Perez and Escobedo soon found themselves opposed to each other on a number of issues. Philip in turn was wary of the ambitions of his half-brother, the victor of Lepanto. Suspicious of the way his plans for Flanders were being blocked by Madrid, Don Juan sent Escobedo to Spain in 1577 to make enquiries. On arriving at the court it appeared to Escobedo that Perez had been duping Don Juan and presenting his case in an unfavourable light to the king. He apparently issued threats against Perez, accusing him rightly or wrongly of a liaison with the princess of Eboli, and of betraying state secrets. But Perez had already managed to convince Philip that Escobedo was the malign influence in the affairs of Flanders and in the end he persuaded the king that the only solution was to eliminate Don Juans secretary. In March 1578 hired assassins murdered Escobedo in a street in Madrid. (Townsend Miller, 1963) Popular rumour instantly pointed to Perez as the assassin, and Escobedos family, aided by Perezs rival the kings private secretary (from 1573) Mateo Vazquez, demanded justice for the murdered man. No action was taken, clearly because the king himself was implicated and had acted on reliable advice. In the spring of 1579, however, Philip was sent the private papers of Don Juan, who had died the previous October. On reading them Philip discovered that Perez had deceived him and that his brother and Escobedo were guiltless of the imputations against them. He encouraged Vazquez to make a secret enquiry into Perezs actions in office, and determined to make a clean sweep of his minister. Since his return from the Netherlands in 1573 the duke of Alba had been active in the councils at Madrid, but in 1579 was placed under house arrest for letting his son make an unauthorised marriage: he was called out only to undertake the invasion of Portugal. His disgrace was followed by Philips decision to place the direction of affairs in the hands of the Burgundian Antoine Perrenot, cardinal Granvelle, who had been withdrawn from the Netherlands in 1564 but had since served the crown with distinction in Italy. On 28 July 1579, the very day that Granvelle reached Madrid, Perez and the princess of Eboli were arrested.

The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company L.L.C. Essay Example for Free

The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company L.L.C. Essay The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company L.L.C is known in the hotel industry as the king of hoteliers. It is best known for its exemplary and extraordinary service. The principles behind its service are largely driven by the legacy of Ceaser Ritz, whose philosophy of service and innovations redefined the standards of service, dining and facilities for luxury in a hotel. In order to maintain its positioning in the market, the company has strived to enhance its core competencies and preventing them from becoming rigidities. The report aims to outline and illustrate how the Ritz-Carlton has used and could adopt Human Resources Management strategy to propel it to a higher level in the industry. BACKGROUND AND ESSENCE OF SERVICE: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company L.L.C is a leader in the hotel and hospitality industry that specializes in the development and operation of luxury hotels for others. It currently has operations in the three major regions; Asia/Pacific, Europe/Middle East and the Americans and Caribbean. (see Exhibit 1)Today the company is renowned for its exemplary and extraordinary service and painstaking attention to detail The key driver of it success was the legacy of Ceaser Ritz, whose philosophy of service and innovations redefined the standards of service, dining and facilities for luxury in a hotel setting endured long after his demise through his son Charles Ritz, who was an active board member of The Ritz-Carlton until his death in 1977. As one would expect the measure of the satisfaction derived from personalization available is totally in the control of the clients. The Ritz-Carlton group realized this long time ago and has since developed an aggressive and proactive approach to innovation of it delivering of services to consistently exceed the expectations of the guests. As a result, the company has received all the major awards the hospitality industry and leading consumer organizations can bestowThus in order to maintain its positioning in the market, the company has strived to enhance its core competencies and preventing them from becoming rigidities by constantly  refining its processes to ensure sustainability and proactive evolution of it values and standards of service. The companys guiding principles are embodied in the Gold Standards which encompass the values and philosophy by which it operates. They provide a guideline for the operational management of the hotels. Actions taken by Ritz-Carlton for the fulfilment of these standards include Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy that permeates the organization, customized programs, establishment of Service Quality Indicators (SQIs) and Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. However; the heavy emphasis on human resources is probably the most critical component of it strategy. It based on the four aspects of Human Resources Management:1.Planning2.Recruitment3.Development4.Review and appraisalRitz-Carltons main product is guest experience that is personalize and beyond expectation. JOINING THE RITZ-CARLTON TEAM The motto at Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. is, We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen. This motto exemplifies the anticipatory service provided by all staff members for which they receive a 7 day orientation starting on their first day at work. Ritz-Carlton completely integrates human resources and operations. Here the human resources and operations work together to select, orient, train and certify employees. They also ensure that the employees are highly empowered and remain deeply involved in running the business. During these first seven days, employees are trained and sensitized on the key competencies required and the applicable ground rules to successfully perform their duties. Emphasis is put on understanding and embracing the golden standards and any other factors that would affect the satisfaction of the guests with the services provided to them by the hotel. The seven days programme aims at fundamentally altering the employees behaviour by adapting to the standard required by the company in order to achieve their business strategy as well as creating a memorable event.  Ritz-Carlton believes that employees have to feel responsible for customer satisfaction, participate in developing the companys vision, strategies and plans, ultimately becoming a part of the Ritz-Carlton mystiqueTo lengthen the training days before hotel openingAt the end of it, all the freshly hired employees are expected to understand and easily apply the company standards which include problem solving, detailed grooming, housekeeping and safety. Ritz-Carlton believes that only the finest ladies and gentlemen can maintain the companys distinguished Gold Standards. Therefore it puts a lot of emphasis on the selection of the first class candidates for its staffing requirements and it follows a Quality Selection Process (QSP) that involves conducting research with employees, customizing interviews, identification of candidates who are most likely to be the best performers in specific roles. Ritz-Carlton pays a lot of attention to the tracking and appraising of employees performance, reviewing and improving systems and procedures based on internal and external analysis. Then the first class selected candidates follow an ongoing training program that is as much part of the company Gold Standard target. In the hospitality industry, most of the hotels have a soft opening and a real operation starts after a few weeks but it is different in Ritz-Carlton hotels. Ritz-Carlton aims to have everything right when the door opens to the first customers. The seven day countdown process is not just a training course for the candidates. It is actually a Ritz-Carlton standard procedure set before opening a new property. The first two days are the orientation days and the candidates become certified by attending a five days training course which runs by the prepared employee trainers. I believe James McBride should not expand the seven day countdown process as it will increase the cost of the hotel at it will postponed the opening  days. The seven day countdown is a standard procedure which has been used in many Ritz-carton hotels and it worked properly in the other hotels. HOTEL OPENING PROCESS The Seven Day Countdown process was recognized as Ritz-Carltons best practice. However, this process was challenged by Collin, who represents Millennium Partners. The underlying challenge comes in two folds:First, can Ritz-Carlton open at higher occupancy rate (i.e. higher than 50% during the first month)?Second, can Ritz-Carlton reach to 80% of occupancy rate in a shorter amount of time (i.e. instead of 3-4 months)?Collin questioned that 7 days may limit to reach these targets (i.e. higher open occupancy rate and shorter time to reach 80% occupancy rate). It is difficult to acknowledge whether or not 7 days is the limiting factor to achieve the target. Perhaps, it is more pragmatic to carry out research to study the root causes that contribute to these effects, instead of changing the best practice without considering the various repercussions (e.g. cost, reputation, organization process change etc.). The consequences of changing the current best recipe may alter the business result, hence, impact the bottom, if not carefully plan and execute. Lets summarize the key activities of each days in Seven Days CountdownDay 1: Orientation:Day 2: Departmental VisionDay 3 4: Technical training Handling Guest DifficultiesDay 5 7: Technical trainingSome areas of recruitment and selection can be further streamlined, e.g. a 2 days job fair can be reduced to 1 day, by changing some of the recruitment process, e.g. offer online registration, pre-interview online screening process. Besides, to meet the service quality, the HRP (Human Resource Planning) needs to closely integrate with the organizational strategy, i.e. the forecast of occupancy rate, the time of recruitment and selection, training and development etc. To meet the targets as above-mentioned, it is paramount to plan in feed-forward approach, i.e. to set target of above 50% in first month, and to reach 80% occupancy rate in, say, 2 months. The HRP and marketing team  needs to work hand on hand to match the supply and demand, of both customers and workforce sides. The HRP might forecast the headcount needs to match the higher occupancy rate, e.g. in forecasting workforce number, by the deployment of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Besides, the demographic of the location and employees mobility might be the important factors to consider in this planning and execution process, e.g. the availability of skill-set in particular location. Any constraints in the availability of skill-sets may restrict the capabilities to match to the target sets. To enhance the training and achieve consistent quality of Ritz-Carlton, it is also possible to relocate the existing workforce from another location to the newly opening Ritz-Carlton, this will increase the quality and flawless in services. To achieve higher level of quality service and to reach to the higher occupancy rate in opening and subsequent months, the HRP may integrate the past experience of opening new hotels into current training session for employees. For example, the issues encountered in the past, from the very beginning stage, such as recruitment and selection, retention, to 7 days countdown of employees training, can be documented, and integrate in HRIS (Human Resource Information System), and translate into a practical case study, and to be used in the 7 days countdown process, as real case study will shorten the learning curve and stimulate learning process. Besides, to meet quality level, and foster learning, it is paramount to maintain high retention during the period from selection, and job offering to 7 days countdown. This can be achieved through the current best practice (Exhibit 9), and also, providing employees the self-training material, such as CD, booklet, online training web portal. Conclusion In a nutshell, Ritz-Carlton is selling experience, not selling hotel rooms, as such, to maintain the gold standard, it is important to embed the culture prior to full-occupancy level. Besides, the true nature of hotel business is about service, and more importantly, service business is perishable (not inventories), and intangibility, both the hotel artefacts, and also services, will influence the customers experience. Reference list: 1.Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company Wikipedia encyclopaedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_Company)2.http://www.quality.nist.gov/PDF_files/RCHC_Application_Summary.pdf3.More details can be found at (http://www.ritzcarlton.com/corporate/about_us/gold_standards.asp). 4.Harvard business School case study5.Ritz-Carltons Gold Standard Service (http://www.epmsonline.com)Appendix1:The Golden Standards Summary†¢The CredoThe Ritz-Carlton Hotel is a place where the genuine care and comfort of our guests is our highest mission. We pledge to provide the finest personal service and facilities for our guests who will always enjoy a warm, relaxed, yet refined ambience. The Ritz-Carlton experience enlivens the senses, instils well-being, and fulfils even the unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests. †¢MottoAt The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C., We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen. This motto exemplifies the anticipatory service provided by all staff members. †¢Three Steps Of ServiceA warm and sincere greeting. Use the guests name. Anticipation and fulfilment of each guests needs. Fond farewell. Give a warm good-bye and use the guests name. †¢Service Values:I Am Proud To Be Ritz-Carlton; I build strong relationships and create Ritz-Carlton guests for life; I am always responsive to the expressed and unexpressed wishes and needs of our guests; I am empowered to create unique, memorable and personal experiences for our guests; I understand my role in achieving the Key Success Factors, embracing Community Footprints and creating The Ritz-Carlton Mystique; I continuously seek opportunities to innovate and improve The Ritz-Carlton experience; I own and immediately resolve guest problems; I create a work environment of teamwork and lateral service so that the needs of our guests and each other are met; I have the opportunity to continuously learn and grow; I am involved in the planning of the work that affects me; I am proud of my professional appearance, language and behavior; I protect the privacy and security of our guests, my fellow employees and the companys confidential information and assets; I am responsible for uncompromising levels of cleanliness and creating a safe and accident-free environment. †¢The 6th DiamondMystique; Emotional Engagement; Functional†¢The Employee PromiseAt The Ritz-Carlton, our Ladies and Gentlemen are the most important resource in our service commitment to our guests. By applying the principles of trust, honesty, respect, integrity and commitment, we nurture and maximize talent to the benefit of each individual and the company. The Ritz-Carlton fosters a work environment where diversity is valued, quality of life is enhanced, individual aspirations are fulfilled, and The Ritz-Carlton Mystique is strengthened.

Standardization And Adaptation In Television Advertising

Standardization And Adaptation In Television Advertising Still in this 21st century television continues to be a prevailing media. Due to the increase in the globalization this world is shrinking at a rapid rate, companies doing business overseas must find new and innovative ways to communicate their brands to the market. Thus, the decision of standardization or adaptation of the advertisements between various nations is of much importance to these companies competing in the international market. The purpose of this paper is to develop a better understanding as to how the multi-national companies standardize and adapt their television advertising. For reaching the conclusion, questions based on the elements of television ads, along with the factors affecting the decision whether to standardize or adapt were identified. On the basis of these questions, analysis of related literature was conducted to form a conceptual framework, which was further utilized to guide this papers data collection. Qualitative case study approach was rendered to c ollect the data, based on the interviews and observing the television commercials of multi-national brands. The conclusion derived shows that there are various appeals that are efficient. For e.g. Emotional appeals are more efficient on young target market, whereas the rational appeals work more efficiently on the older target market. Cost is the key factor which influences the companys decision to adapt a commercial. Whereas regarding the standardization of a television commercial the companys main focus should be the non-geographical elements such as the family culture and humour. Contents 1 Introduction The following chapter will be providing the reader with some background of the area being researched. Problem statement regarding the standardization and adaptation in television ads will be followed by the research. The overall purpose and the related research questions will be concluding this chapter. 1.1 Background Marketing communication is based solely on the method of sharing of the perceptions. The intended message can be successfully communicated only if the senders perceptual field or what we can define as his experience of that brand is in congruence with the perceptual field of the intended market. Thus a message which lands outside the receivers perceptual field has no effect on the receiver. According to Root (1994) the perceptual gaps as well as the encoding and decoding gaps resulting arising due to the cultural differences between the sender and the receiver hinders the communication. Moreover, as a reason of the unawareness of cultures regarding the existence of such gaps the level of communication hindrance increases additionally. In the below figure 1.1, it has been demonstrated by Czinkota and Ronkainen (2004) that efficient communication depends on three main factors: the sender, the receiver and the message. These three factors are interconnected with a message channel. Figure 1: Marketing Communication Process It was also stated by Root (1994) that communication process between the people of the same culture derives an advantage from a high level of congruence in their perceptual fields as well as the similarity between their communication codes. The communication process can be therefore be affected by the cultural hindrance which is justified by Root (1994) saying that many times the sender as well as the receiver of the same culture believe that the message has been clearly understood by them even though it is not the case. Advertising has been defined by Root (1994) as a process of non-personal communication which is sponsored in monetary form to promote a product, a brand or even a company. Advertising has also been recognized as a tool for mass promotion (ibid). According to Laroche and Teng (2006) cultural values are vital for any ad message and it is also a deciding factor for the success of any ad. They have also stated that the people are finding commonalities between then and the ads when their cultural values are embodied in those ads. The vice versa happens when their values are not matching the ad. The assignment of delivering the message to the people is given to the advertising media. Radio, print, television, cinema, hoardings and other outdoors are the leading media considerable for this task. The advertisers are able to demonstrate the service or the product in motion using a number of choices of elements available for this task. The right combination of these elements during the making of the television ad so as to give the message a strong probability of catching the attention of the consumer and getting the message to him is vital to achieve the desired impression on the mind of the consumer. 1.2 Problem Discussion Television ads can also be used to boost the image of the product by showing the product in motion along with the ability to use colour and sound for constructing a desirable environment surrounding the product. The centre of this paper will be television commercials, due to the various factors of television such as vision, colour, sound and motion which are very crucial in presenting the message. Moreover, the study of Brassington and Pettitt (2000) showing that motion ads are considered superior for the generation of emotional appeals also is a factor for the concentration of this paper towards television commercials. The decision of the standardization or adoption of television ad at an international level resides mainly to the manager and his manipulations towards the promotional mix elements. People who support standardization argue by saying that the current trend in the marketing world is of creating the products and marketing them in the same way in all the nations without considering the differences in the various cultures. But when manager sees much higher level of differences in the lifestyles as well as economies of the target market population he renders a higher level of adaption instead of going for the standardization. On the other hand supporters of standardization justifies themselves by saying that using same ads in the overseas markets would help them to achieve lower costs as well as establish a corporate image on a global level. Again the people in support of adaptation say that this wont help them in entrenching themselves into the local markets. According to Root (1994) nations vary widely in quality, availability, cost of marketing, etc. Thus, marketers should thoroughly embody the various cultural variables into their ads as it seems to have a great impact on influencing the consumer as well his buying decision. The research conducted by Chandra (2002) shows that various adaptations in an ads slogan, jingle, theme as well as idiomatic symbols, expressions and colours make the adaption in an ad mandatory. He also stated that it is vital for firm to adapt their marketing campaigns to the regional market targeted in order to realize the profits. Bottom lining this standardization vs. adaptation debate are the factors of economic savings in case of using standardized marketing strategies and the maximum realization of profits in case of adaptation of the strategies so to fit into the local target market. Bradley and Sousa (2005) concluded in their studies non-regional population is likely to be less reactive to the ads which dont match to their cultures. Thus it is mandatory for successful marketing in other nations that the marketers to understand the target populations cultural traits. According to Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) products and brands can, for a time, sustain the cultural difference and homogenization, but this is not the case with ads as they are much more dependent on influencing the consumers through the marketing elements which are closely tied to the culture of those consumers. Due to the use of such verbal and visual factors such as the scenes, regional language and models the ad tends to be effective and hence deriving profits. 1.3 Purpose and Research Question Based on the discussion in the previous section, the purpose of this seminar paper is to provide a better understanding of how the companies standardize or adapt their television commercials in the international markets. Two problem questions are formulated for the reason of helping us to acquire the knowledge required to accomplish the stated purpose. PQ 1. How the elements of television ads that are standardized or adapted can be described? PQ 2. How the factors influencing the decision to standardize or adapt be described? 2 Literature Review This chapter presents an overview of the researches related to the questions stated. This chapter will be starting with studying the elements of television ads. Then studies relating to the factors influencing the choice of standardize or to adapt will be discussed. In the end, a conceptual framework for this paper will be presented. 2.1 Elements In Television Advertising It is concluded in the research of Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) that particularly the Visual and Verbal elements embedded in the ads are more dependent on the differences among cultures. They further stated that the dependence of the effectiveness of the ad is directly proportional to the use of local scenes, models as well as the regional language. Another element Appeal was added by Laroche and Teng (2006). APPEALS Ad Appeals can be defined as a message communicated to the consumers so as to motivate them to buy the related product/service. The choice of the Appeal is the key factor associated with the ads. Kelley and Turley classified them into two categories: Rational Appeal and Emotional Appeal. Rational ads rise from the traditional communication model where the recipient is assumed to make reasonable rational decision. Such ads show the benefits of the product by demonstrating its quality, value, performance and economy and generate self-interest in the mind of the target customer. In contrast to Rational Appeal, Emotional Appeals rely on the emotional perceptions of the consumer. These ads, generally being experimental, generally tend to make the recipient feel good about the relevant product/service generating a likeliness or friendliness towards the brand. Emotional Appeals tend to bring up the negative and positive emotions in the mind of the recipient in order to motivate them for a buying. The negative emotions may include fear, shame or guilt appeals making people do things they should or stopping them for doing things they shouldnt. Whereas, positive emotions include appeals like love, humour, pride or joy. (Albers-Miller and Stafford, 1999) Laroche and Teng (2006) in their recent study have stated that there exists different appeals among different cultures which are able to impact the target consumer in the most efficient manner. And the ad wont be able to achieve the desired result if the target consumer fails to find similarities between themselves and the ads characteristics. Furthermore it is also observed that these variances in the Appeals between the West and the East date back to the ancient times. The reason behind this is thought to be the influence of the Greek philosophers on the culture of the west, emphasizing on Verbal communication. (Muller, 1992) The experimentation on marketing campaigns using violence and shocking appeals were reviewed by Anderson, Hedelin and Nilsson (2004). During the review they concluded that the use of sex as well as violence produced negative impacts on both male as well as the female recipients making it difficult for them to interpret the same message that was tried to be conveyed through that ad. They also found out that there exists a difference among the sexes in the interpretation of the messages. The females were able to relate themselves with the commercials when children are displayed. VERBAL ELEMENTS It has been stated by Nelson and Paek (2007) that the language used in the ad is of much more importance than most marketers realize. Stewart (1994) also supported this thesis by saying that the importance of the use of the regional language becomes a vital factor when the ad is using a dramatized plot approach. The only thing that should be taken care of is that the use of dialects and vernaculars may be interpreted as stereotyping which may not be consumed positively by the local population. Chart : Ducan and Ramprasads (1995) survey illustrating majority of brands opting for adoption of regional language in their ads VISUAL ELEMENTS According to Hewett, Madden and Roth (1999) colour being and significant part of the products, their logos and their packaging is a powerful tool in positioning the brand into the minds of the consumer. It has been stated in the studies conducted by Greenberg and Solomon (1993) it requires a great effort on the part of the directors as well as set creators and many others to choose a scenery and location and numerous other factors like the tone as well as the nuance of the print on which the ad is supposed to be executed. These experts in their respective fields strive to create a compelling environment that will be executed on the ad agencys vision of a way to reinforce the targeted products intended brand image into the mind of the recipient. An influential and persuasive message can be delivered by the product if the ad is well-crafted and presented in a manner which is sensible to the recipient and reinforce the intended message in his mind. OTHERS Cho (1999) argues that a message conveyed by an ad should be in congruence with the values of the local culture. He also supported this statement by saying that the cultural values embodied in the ads are the core of these ads. Most of the time ads endorse, embellish as well as reinforce the cultural values. Moreover, it has been shown with the help of empirical studies that ads which reflect regional cultural values are more persuasive than the ads which dont incorporate them. 2.2 Influencing Factors This part will be analysing various factors that impact the decision to standardize or adapt based on various researches conducted. These will be stated along with explanation through this whole chapter. COST It is stated by Darmon (1999) that one of the reason leading to standardization is cost considerations. Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) also stated that economic gains along with convenience being a key factor leading to standardization. However, they were much amazed when the data of their survey stated cost savings as one of the least priority item. THE ROLE OF HEADQUATERS AND SUBSIDARIES SALE LEVEL In their research Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) that the marketing strategy as well as the follow up are more probable to be changed in the more well-off markets where the holdings of the firm as well as the profit margins are comparatively higher. Still the power of making important decisions of the regional offices depends completely on the level of freedom offered by its parent company. MACRO FACTORS According to Chandra (2002), these factors vary considerably from nation to nation and affect the decision making process very much based on the nations legal, political and economic factors along with the marketing scenarios. For e.g. in south Korea, only the nations models are allowed to be featured in the ads. SINGLE BRAND IMAGE Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) concluded in their studies that the single brand image is the most influencing reason for standardization. It is also suggested by Vrontis (2003) that through the use of single brand image a company can significantly establish its global brand image. And due to the global broadcasting by the media as well as consumer mobility standardization is much favoured as compared to earlier times. PRODUCT CATEGORY As compared to the products/services which are likely to be purchased on the basis of the regional cultures, products/services which show uniform consumer buying habits are more likely to employ a standardized marketing strategy. For e.g. electronic goods are used the same way across different cultures in contrast to food items which are more likely to be consumed in the traditional fashion. DEMOGRAPHIC, PSYCHORGAPHIC AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS It is stated by Chandra (2003) that the use of standardization depends on the existence of the homogeneous market segments. If such market exists than the consumers are more likely to behave in the same manner across the markets and share a common buying habit. EXPLOITING A SUCCESSFUL IDEA Ducan and Ramprasad (1995) stated that when an effective idea or strategy have taken a great time in its development and is successfully producing positive results, the firms are very keen on using this idea across different markets so as to reap the costs incurred in the production of that strategy. NOT INVENTED HERE When the multinational agencies are trying to use standardization, their regional subsidies are often uncomfortable with the imposition of their ideas and often defend their reasoning by tagging it as not invented here and hence lacking creativity. 2.3 Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework is defined by Miles and Huberman (1994) as a visual, graphical or audible description of a study explaining it. They can be constructs, factors, elements or variables and the relationship links between them. They also state that if the research questions have been stated first than it is much easy to form the conceptual framework. Thus for answering the research questions we have to first state on what basis we have collected the data. First, the relevant theories for the first question will be stated followed by the relevant for the second question. 2.3 Conceptualization Elements of Television Advertising Laroche and Teng (2006) found out the various appeal elements of ads, whereas Melewar and Vemmervik (2004) have classified them into visual and verbal elements. Appeals Rational Culture Emotional Speech elements Sound National Language Visual elements Scenery Models 2.3.2 Conceptualization Influencing Factors There are various different factors influencing the decision of going for standardization or adaptation for the television ads. The related theories will be analysed and equated with data collected: Cost Demographic, psychographic and cultural characteristics Macro factors Single brand image Product category 3. Methodology In this chapter the methodology used in the research will be presented. This chapter begins with the purpose, approach and Strategy used in the research followed by data collection and selection of sample. This chapter will be concluding with the problems faced during the methodology study. 3.1 Purpose of Research List of references dAstous, A. Chartier, F. (2000, Fall). A Study of Factors Affecting Consumer Evaluations and Memory of Product Placement in Movies. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 22, 31-40. dAstous, A. Sà ©guin, N. (1999). Consumer Reactions to Product Placement Strategies in Television Sponsorship. European Journal of Marketing, 33, 896-910. Avery, R. J. Ferraro, R. (2000). Verisimilitude or Advertising? Brand Appearance on Prime-Time Television. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 34, 217-244. Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., Robson, K. (2001). Focus Groups in Social Research. London: Sage Publication Ltd. Denscombe, M. (2000). Forskningshandboken. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Eriksson, L. T. Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (2001). Att Utreda Forska och Rapportera. Malmà ¶: Liber Ekonomi. Graser, M. (2006, February). TVs Savior? Advertising Age, 77, ps1-S2. Gupta, P. B., Balasubramanian, S. K. Klassen, M. L. (2000, Fall). Viewers Evaluations of Product Placements in Movies: Public Policy Issues and Managerial Implications. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 22, 41-52. Paying to Avoid Ads. (2004, 7 August). Economist, 372. Russell, C. A. (2002, December). Investigating the Effectiveness of Product Placements in Television Shows: The Role of Modality and Plot Connection Congruence on Brand Memory and Attitude. Journal of Consumer Research. 29, 306-318. http://www.tv.com/american-idol/show/11307/summary.html?full_summary=1 [2006, May 21]. Wenner, L. A. (2004). On the Ethics of Product Placement in Media Entertainment. Journal of Promotion Management, 10, 101-132. You be the Judge. (2004, 17 May). Brandweek, 45, pSR40-SR42.

Emma by Jane Austen Essay -- Emma Jane Austen

About the Author Jane Austen was born on December 16, 1775 at Steventon, England. She was the seventh child of the rector of the parish at Steventon, and lived with her family until they moved to Bath when her father retired in 1801. Her father, Reverend George Austen, was from Kent and attended the Tunbridge School before studying at Oxford and receiving a living as a rector at Steventon. Her mother, Cassandra Leigh Austen, was the daughter of a patrician family. Among her siblings she had but one sister, Cassandra, with whom she kept in close contact her entire life. Her brothers entered a variety of professions: several joined the clergy, one was a banker, while several more spent time in the military. Although her family was neither noble nor wealthy, Rev. Austen had a particular interest in education, even for his daughters. Although her novels focus on courtship and marriage, Jane Austen remained single her entire life. She died in Winchester on July 8, 1817. Jane Austen published four novels anonymously during her lifetime: Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815). Two novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion were published posthumously in 1817. These novels are prominent for her satiric depiction of English society and manners. Summary of Emma Jane Austen's Emma is a novel of courtship. Like all of Austen's novels, it centres on the marriage plot: who will marry whom? For what reasons will they marry? Love, practicality, or necessity? At the centre of the story is the title character, Emma Woodhouse, an heiress who lives with her widowed father at their estate, Hartfield. At the beginning of the novel, she is a self-satisfied young woman who feels no particular need to marry, for she is in the rather unique condition of not needing a husband to supply her fortune. At the beginning of the novel, Emma's governess, Miss Taylor, has just married Mr. Weston, a wealthy man who owns Randalls, a nearby estate. The Westons, the Woodhouses, and Mr. Knightley (who owns the estate Donwell Abbey) are at the top of Highbury society. Mr. Weston had been married earlier. When his previous wife died, he sent their one child (Frank Churchill) to be raised by her brother and his wife, for the now-wealthy Mr. Weston could not at that time provide for the boy. Without Miss Taylor as a companion,... ...e is unpopular in Highbury due to her poor manners and arrogance, but becomes good friends with Jane Fairfax. Her status in society rests only on the fact that her sister married very well. She refuses to treat others with the proper respect they are accorded, including even Mr. Knightley. Mr. John Knightley - A tall, gentleman-like, clever man, respectable and reserved. Emma dislikes him somewhat for his severity and lack of patience. He is Knightley's brother and Woodhouse's son-in-law. He is married to Isabella, Emma's sister. They live in London and visit only occasionally. Mr. John Knightley is given to complaint and bad humour; his wife is submissive and devoted entirely to him. Mrs. Goddard: The mistress of a Boarding school where girls might be sent to receive a little education. Her school was in high repute. One of her former students is Harriet Smith, who now assists Mrs. Goddard. Miss Bates: The daughter of Mrs. Bates, she was neither young, married, handsome nor rich. She is a pitiable character with the worst predicament. She lacks all distinguishing traits such as intellect or cleverness, yet she was mostly happy and treated others with great goodwill.

Is Violent Revolution the Answer? :: The Last Supper Slavery Racism Essays

Is Violent Revolution the Answer? Tomà ¡s Gutià ©rrez Alea’s La Última Cena (The Last Supper) The ideas I intend to express in the following paper are in no way meant to make allowances for the practices of slavery or racism. As I begin this paper, I feel the need to remind the reader that I find slavery, in all of its forms, to be an oppressive and terrible institution. I unwaveringly believe that for centuries, including this one, the narrow-mindedness that slavery has perpetrated is one of the most terrible humiliations leveled upon our civilization. These views are meant only to assess and illuminate the construction of slavery in film. When it comes to films concerning slavery, the role of the filmmaker as educator is significantly heightened. Very often, slavery films unconditionally disparage whites as oppressive forces and stereotype the white class as uniformly tyrannical. The sympathetic, yet comparatively powerless, whites in this arrangement are frequently left out, giving credence to a stance that portrays race as a division between villains and martyrs. While I see an effort in Tomà ¡s Gutià ©rrez Alea’s The Last Supper to move beyond these depictions, how successful the film rises above the typically extreme constructions of character in the slave film is a difficult judgment, particularly for a film from a Cuban director during the Cold War. For John Mraz, the representation of history in Tomà ¡s Alea’s The Last Supper is commendable work. Mraz believes that the film joins a cinematic compilation where â€Å"films meet many of our expectations about what history ought to be† (120). Mraz maintains his praise of Alea’s historical constructions, asserting that the way the film addresses history is impartial and objective: â€Å"The Last Supper follows the classic model of both written and filmed history in insisting on the reality of the world that it has in fact created, however much this universe has resulted from research. The major convention of such history is that it has opened a window onto the past rather than constructed a particular version of it† (121). While I have no qualms with Mraz’s assessment of the uses of the film’s construction of history on the Cuban plantation, I find that the window Mraz speaks of offers a much more vague version of reality than Mraz indicate s initially. The validation of slavery by the white people in the film comes off as ridiculous, and yet the abstract strategies to defend slavery that are at work in the film coincide with the arguments used by slavery allies throughout the nineteenth century.

Blink-182 :: essays research papers

Blink-182 The legend that is blink-182 started way back in 1992, by Mark Hoppus (bass, vocals), Tom Delonge (guitar, vocals) and Scott Raynor (drums). Origionally just called blink, they were forced to change their name when an Irish techno band also called blink threatened to sue them. Although there are countless rumours of what the 182 stands for, ranging from the number of times certain words are said in movies to numbers that relate to where they live to the number of times that they have performed various sexual acts, the truth is that it is really just a number that they choose pretty much at random and thought sounded good. Mixing fast, melodic punk with brutally honest, from the heart lyrics, they convert almost everyone who hears their music to fans. In 1995, they released their first full album, Cheshire Cat. Dude Ranch followed in 1997, and this was the first album to gain widespread commercial success. Scott left the band this year to go back to college, and he was replaced by Travis Barker, previously of the Aquabats. The change from Scott to Travis was made easier by the fact that they had been friends with Travis for a while already and he already knew most of their songs. They have always spent a lot of time touring in the surf/skate/punk scene, with bands such as NOFX, Pennywise, Less than Jake and the Vans Warped Tour. Around the end of 98, blink decided to stop touring and started work on their next album, Enema of the State. This gained even more commercial exposure than Dude Ranch, and helped expose the band to whole new groups of listeners. And the reasoning behind the title? According to Mark Hoppus, "In order to maintain good health, your body must be able to eliminate food and bodily waste. Your colon, together with your lungs, skin and kidneys are designed to accomplish this essential task by elimination of toxins in the intestines, blood and lymph systems." Continues Tom Delonge, "the process of digestion from ingestion of food to defecation, normally takes between 12 to 24 hours assuming that the colon is fully functional and non-toxic.

Product Life Cycle of Nutri-Grain Essay

* The brand was first introduced in the United States in 1991 for a breakfast cereal bars consisting of fruit filling covered in a crust without added sugar. * There were four varieties initially (rye, corn, barley and wheat); later these were reduced to corn and wheat * There are various Nutri-Grain Bars made from the breakfast cereal bonded together, available in the markets where the cereal is available. The bars became popular in the 1990s as an â€Å"on-the-go† food. * In the United States the Nutri-Grain Bar name is used for the soft golden baked crust breakfast bars made with wheat, whole-grain, and oats. Product Development Nutri-Grain was developed in 1980 by Kellogg’s Company which was already successful in making cereal that people enjoyed. Kellogg’s wanted to produce a on to go cereal breakfast bar that was healthy and was filling. Introduction Nutri-Grain was launched in 1997 and was instantly a hit among the middle class population who had little time to spare and need food on the go. It gained almost 50% of share of the growing cereal bar market in just two years. In just 1997 they had sold about 4,000 tons of cereal bars. In 1997 they made of a soft crust with a fruit filling inside. They were popular amongst both adults and children. Nutri-Grain was advertised on T.V, magazines and newspapers Growth During the growth stage, Nutri- Grains sales climbed rapidly as more people overseas became aware of the product. The product became very popular in Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. The growth and profit was short lived as sales started to die out. The product looked like it was going into decline without even going into the maturity stage. The growth stage lasted for a year in 1999 Maturity In 2000 Kellogg’s decided to increase profits and bring back the sales that they were starting to lose. They introduced a new type of cereal bar called Twists which were essentially 2 small soft bakes with different flavors twisted into one bar. This worked because the sales rose again, this lasted for about for another year

Froebel Kindergarten Essay

Freidrich W. A. Froebel is best known as the founder of kindergarten. He was a German educationalist. Froebel was born in 1782 in a village in Germany. His pincerhood was vexed because his mother died when he was a bollocks up and his father abandoned him. Froebel was given to his uncles c atomic number 18. Between 1808-1810 he attended the melodyulation institute run by toilette Pestalozzi at Yverdon. Froebel left the institution pass judgment the basic principles of Pestalozzis theory permissive schoolhouse atmosphere, emphasis on nature, and the object glass lesson.Froebel, however, was a strong idealist whose visualise of education was closely related to religion. He believed that everything in this world was developed tally to the plan of God. He felt that something was deficient in Pestalozzis theory the sacred mechanism that, according to Froebel, was the foundation of advance(prenominal) perking. Froebels philosophy of education be on four basic ideas put out self-expression, creativity, social participation, and motor expression. Froebel began to focus on the needs of children just prior to entree school.He envisioned a model attended by 4-6 year olds where children would be nurtured and protected from outside influenceslike plants in a garden. Froebel decided to call his school kindergarten, which in German means child garden. Froebel began a training institute for the teachers of his schools. He believed that teachers should be highly respected mickle with values that the children should imitate. The teacher should also be a sensitive, open, and easily approachable person. Froebels first kindergarten was founded in 1837 in Blakenburg Germany.It feature games, play, songs, stories, and crafts to stimulate imagination and develop animal(prenominal) and motor skills. The materials in the room were split into two categories gifts and occupations. Gifts were objects that were fixed in form such as blocks. The purpose was that in playing with the object the child would learn the underlying concept represented by the object. Occupations allowed more freedom and consisted of things that children could shape and hold in such as clay, sand, beads, string etcetera There was an underlying symbolic implication in all that was done.Even white-hot up time was seen as a final concrete reminder to the child of Gods plan for virtuous and social order. In 1848, the Prussian political relation ordered these schools to be closed because they did not agree with Froebels ideas. indeed Froebel died in 1852, not knowing the impact his shit would have on the U. S. school system. Then many Germans immigrated to the United States after the German Revolution. Among them were women trained in the Froebel system of education. It was these women who were accountable for bringing kindergarten to the United States.The first U. S. kindergarten was for German immigrant children in Wisconsin and taught in German. Then in 1873 ki ndergarten was introduced in the public Ameri female genitals schools. Freidrich Froebels ideas provided the major direction for kindergarten curriculum during the withstand half of the nineteenth century. Many of his ideas can still be observed in kindergarten today learning through play, convocation games, goal oriented activities, and outdoor time. straight off applying Froebels philosophy of education to the Bahamas. From the discipline Task Force on study (1994) Final report.This was stated about Pre-Schools. PICTURE. just now yes we do have active kindergartens in many schools. I know for legitimate on the island of Eleuthera there is the kindergarten section in all of the primary schools. But upon my explore I found that there are kindergarten sections in only a hardly a(prenominal) schools here in New Providence. archetype The Bahamas Academy School. Here is a degraded look at their curriculum. Then there is one in Yellow elderly Gardens and Elizabeth Estates. R EPORTING TODAY FROM THE EDUCATIONAL CHANNEL, IM VASHTE NAIRN.

Goals of Linguistic Essay

Your essay should begin with an introductory paragraph, a body and a decision.Approaching the issue The task of setting all out (to use a neutral word) the goals of a human activity may be approached in a great variety of ways depending on conditions such as who is involved in the activity and who has the power to determine the goals. In the case of the goals of a scientific discipline, the question may, in principle, be approached by established scientific methods: * Deductive approach: The highest and most general goal is taken as an axiom, more less specific and lower-level goals are deduced from it.* Inductive approach: By methods of the sociology of science, the goals actually pursued by scientists may be ascertained; by sociological methods, it may be ascertained what term goals a community thinks should be pursued by the sciences that it entertains. The deductive approach suffers at most least from the following shortcomings: * The postulation of the highest goal is itself outside the scope of science.Writing an essay which explains what goals you wish to pursue in your livelihood that is forthcoming is a skill youre going to must have to demonstrate a lot for a student.On the basis of available evidence, it is safe to say that crafty few of them can distinguish between scientific insight and technological â€Å"progress†. Thus, if one wants at all a scientific approach to the serious problem of the goals of a discipline, one would have to combine – as usual – deductive and inductive methods, hoping deeds that they will compensate for each other’s shortcomings. It would certainly be reasonable to do this scientific work (from first time to time). However, it has apparently not been done.

Its tough to own make but its for getting a booming essay vital.Science is the pursuit of objective knowledge/understanding (Greek episteme, German Erkenntnis). The attainment of such common knowledge is its ultimate goal. This goal is itself subordinate to the goal of human life, which is the great improvement of the conditio humana.It is in the nature of human cognition – as opposed to God’s cognition –, that it empty can be fully achieved only in communication.A teacher might want to get with teachers at the elementary school or faculty district and chat about ways to manage non-English speaking children logical and families.* On the spiritual side, the human mind is enriched if it understands something; and this in itself is a contribution to improving the conditio humana. * On the practical side, understanding something is a presupposition for controlling it. Controlling1 the world in which we live is another significant contribution to improving the c onditio humana. Some sciences make a stronger contribution to the spiritual side, others make a stronger important contribution to the practical side.

All students wish to believe not and they can advance many fail whatsoever.This epistemic interest constitutes applied linguistics. Given the divergence in the epistemic interest of pure and applied science, there can be no universal schema by which the goals and tasks of a science should be systematized.As discussed elsewhere (see Wissenschaft), how there is a basic distinction between logical, empirical and hermeneutic approaches. Linguistics shares components of all of them.Instruction is occurring below educators direction.elaboration of standard procedures for the solution of practical problems in the object area. In what follows, the main goals of structural linguistics will be characterized, at a general level, according to this schema.2. Theory: the nature of human english language The spiritual aspect of the human understanding of some object is realized in the elaboration of a theory of that object.

If you pick to learn Italian on the Florence app of CAPA, you will have the decision to take language classes.In such a discipline, there is a necessary interrelation between the elaboration of a theory of the object and the detailed description of the object; one informs the other. Furthermore, since speech and even languages are volatile, they have to be documented. The tasks of linguistics in this area may be systematized as follows: 1. language documentation: recording, representation, analysis and archiving of speech events and texts that represent a certain english language 2.It ought to be possible to come up with a description of a language on the grounds of based its documentation.The description makes explicit the meanings that the language expresses and the functions it fulfils – what it legal codes and what it leaves uncoded –, and represents the structure of the expressions that afford this.It does all of this in the most systematic and comprehensive way possible. Such a description may be used for a variety of purposes, most of which are mentioned below in the section on applied linguistics. Both documentation and description give take the historical dimension of the object into account.

Languages have developed means of representing quantities.linguistics – are exploited for the formulation of technical surgical procedures by which tasks arising in the fields enumerated may be solved. And contrariwise, the demands arising from those practical fields what are taken as challenges by theoretical and descriptive linguistics to produce theories and descriptions deeds that respond to them. 5.Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools The nature of the goal of science – primary objective knowledge – requires the elaboration and testing of methods by which putative knowledge may be attained, verified/falsified and applied in the solution of practical or interdisciplinary problems.Its part of that.This involves * in the deductive perspective, the operationalization of concepts and theorems and the little elaboration of tests * in the inductive perspective, the elaboration of standards of representation of linguistic data and of tools for parallel processing them. While a contribution from general epistemology may be expected for the epistemological side of linguistic methodology, its operational side is entirely the responsibility of the particular discipline. Its status as a scientific discipline crucially depends on its partial fulfillment of this task. 6.

Without a doubt, it plays a role in the creation of cultural identity.In other words, no strict discipline is autonomous and self-contained. The contribution that it makes to human understanding can only be assessed if it is compared and combined with other disciplines.The theories developed by a discipline must define their object in such a way deeds that it becomes transparent where they leave off, i. e.You may use one particular paragraph to go over your short-term objectives and another to chat about your long-term targets.For instance, there divine must be * grammars usable by foreign language curriculum designers * semantic descriptions usable by ethnographers * models of linguistic professional competence testable by neurologists * formal grammatical descriptions usable by programmers. Finally, linguistics must be capable of and receptive in taking up insights and challenges from other disciplines.For instance, * phonological concepts must be related to phonetic concepts * models of linguistic activity must be inspired by findings of psychology and neurology * mathematical models of linguistic competence must be able to account for the performance of plurilingual persons. Interdisciplinary cooperation is the only touchstone of the communicative capacity of a scientific community.

Theyre certainly writeable, but they are important although Theyre hard.Empiry: documentation and description of languages 3. Practice: application of linguistics 4. Methodology: epistemological reflection and working tools 5. Cooperation: interdisciplinary fertilization These goals do not belong to the same level.Among our goals is to aid others answer the questions in life.It has to be done by someone, and if it is done by the military discipline that has the relevant know-how, it is both better for the solution of the problem and much better for the social standing of the discipline. Finally, the demands emerging from extra-scientific practice may feed back into the low content and form of descriptions.Goals #4 and #5 are more science-immanent. Neither the elaboration of a methodology nor interdisciplinary cooperation are anything deeds that would be of direct relevance outside a scientific context.

At is the notion of equal pay for equivalent work.My first second aim is to keep God first.My aim is to simply reach all my desired goals.Its vital to write down them, when it has to do with establishing your career goals.

Relationships in the 1600

familys in the 1600 BY Disher84 Ryan Disher fifth min cod October 18th, 2013 sixteenth hundred epoch of young-be stunting(prenominal) and female soulfulness Relationship My screen is oer military man wish and distaff consanguinitys during the sixteenth century. In my act I leave al 1 be com inclineforcesu browse to tell you what their kindred is ready on, How the consanguinity wreak, and I provide correspond approximately characters from the apologue critical point in my stress to a fault. This demonstrate is dear of positions so stupefy approve and enrapture the take During the 1600s wo custody were hardened as privationing(p) comp ard to the hands who were superior. Women were evaluate to clean, cook, and die hard to the babyren. in addition During his era men argued that women were non receptive of game thinking because a charrs skull is sm eacher than a mans skull. an divergent(prenominal) statement that was express, women get d suffer wider hips which termncy thither of course hypothetic to be mothers. general adult female were do by seriously and were non toughened sane in the human race either. In the hunt d experience hamlet Claudius and Gertrude, Claudius fates to endure poove and in regulate to do so he must(prenominal) enliven Gertrude and tape c mansion to village in introductory of Gertrude, unaccompanied when dirty dog her bum he p dish outs to stamp break through Hamlet. other satisfactory head is how their relationship recreates prohibited. During the 1600s women n the speeding variety were much sink up to hook up with really(prenominal)(prenominal) young. Women of the marrow partition usu all last(predicate)y waited work on thither middle(prenominal) mid-twenties to get get conjoin so they had replete bullion for a folkhold. Women that did non unify were strained to elate rough correct of con human facer to stretch out on the ir lives. squirt hand everyplace was aceness of the approximately essential things of macrocosm a cleaning lady, Although men werent pass judgment to be on that point epoch in labor. The chars family, friends, and mid married woman were on that point for her though.Woman in the stop number berth course of action who didnt penury to depreciator cater practically had other mothers do it for them called wetnurses. much or less relationships worked out majuscule and good others didnt go as lanned. In this clock, the male was al intimately eternally the virtuoso who brought in coin for the family. Although at that place were judgment of conviction where the female brought in the big pile up of cash. Comp ard to our up-to-the-minute cartridge clip, where we go to work and pastce go stead plunk for so they big businessman of worked skillful out of thither own home(a) and didnt cheat the ditterence mingled with work s burnt(p) and tamily slut tish.It was eternally tamily lite and they never go through anything different. In comparability to the account Hamlet, all of Hamlets family had royal family and were most definitely the focal ratio phratry. quite a little whitethorn petition did at that place relationships work in the 1600s? ell they did, and they didnt. It wasnt a see to it that they would be in c one timert forever. William Shakespe ar did not gestate in muliebrity having a separate in anything. because on that points feminists which produce that cleaning woman give up e rattling(prenominal) powerful to be inured extend to and they sewer reserve at that place own secernate in what they want to do, who they want to be with, and what on that point kids do.As a phallic(father) you could try who you hook up with, what your wife did, and what you precious your children to do. In the 1600s families were big and head-to(prenominal) than today, the reasons wherefore is because such(p renominal) high demolition rate of infants because miss of engine room and medicine. Which meant that families came in c at oncert on the provoke to economic aid e actuallyone out. Also morality compete a major usance fundament than, very a good deal keister then the whole take for in the house was a watchword and thats what children employ to submit how to read. Another fact close Shakespeares time is that, once a male child turns 8 he no all-night has to discover to his mother.The perfect woman was believed to be a new and a crimp wife. female person recognise and neighborly jimmyability were tied in close to sexual practice that wipeout was frequently presented if the woman was not a virgin. at that place are so many a(prenominal) different relationship views and sexual practice views, and it has all changed as time went n. headspring-nigh similarities are that men are unsounded comm but(prenominal) con placementred the humanness of the p ost, provided thither are woman that are very sovereign and who mountain do anything and everything them self. Children are evaluate to respect/follow their parents, Boys acquit on the family arrive at.Although right extraneous a day, females if they would want to grasp in that respect opening lay down they can asseverate it pole than if you state that deal would of looked at you and plan you were as nutty as Hamlet, for comprehend a ghost. Relationships bottom than were a lot amid man and woman, you were frowned upon if you were with the alike(p) sex. The kingly and the elite were the unless geek of nation that were satisfactory to stick out much than one relationship. If you were born(p) of violet record or elite you were among the a few(prenominal) that could crap side companion relationships.This reasoning is because those types of family linees were the just mass that had the time, the money, and the cogency to burgeon forth around. midpoint class hatful top executive meet had personal business scarcely not as oftentimes as the upper class did. Which this bother as well leads to having kids with your side quisling and also pox was considered a cryptic person disease linchpin then, because they were the only one who, like I said had the time, the oney, and the push button to total well-nigh. around world power say that Shakespeare cheated on his wife, because he was departed and there were no records of him for a few eld.Shakespeare was married to Anne Hathaway, who was eightsome years aged(a) than him. They had there first base child on may 26th, 1583 whose pick out was Susanna. and then 21 months ulterior Anne had gave deliver to twins, named Hamnet, and Judith. after that they had no more children and remained married until 1616 when he died. He bought a graceful house for his family in Stratford by and by his only sons death, Hamnet at the age of 11 died in 1596. Shakespeare was buried in sanctified trio church building in Stratford, where Anne later coupled him in 1623.He had lived aside from his wife and children, still every once in duration ne would enforce them tor at to the lowest degree a decade. Shakespeare was a very well sea captain writer of his time and has been remembered for centurys. I fancy that you involve intentional a lot from my prove, and you found it very interesting. My only look forward to is that you were adapted to walk away from this newspaper publisher subtile something new, that you hadnt before. My name is Ryan Disher and this is my essay over Male/Female relationships during the 1600s.